HawaiiHawaii is a group of islands located in the centre of the Pacific Ocean that became the 50th state of the United States of America in 1959. The 130 islands are of volcanic origin. Only seven of the eight major islands are inhibated :Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, Hawaii’s Big Island…
GEOGRAPHY Hawaii is the most remote island chain in the world, over 2,000 miles from the nearest landfall. Distance makes for splendid isolation – these Polynesian islands are removed from all else but one another.
Hawaii consists of eight major islands plus 124 minor islands, reefs and shoals, strung like a necklace across the Pacific for over 1,500 miles. The eight major islands (which make up over 99% of the total land area) are Oahu, Maui, Hawaii (known as Big Island), Kauai, Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe (uninhabited) and Niihau (privately owned).
Each of the major islands has an identity all its own. Oahu is as different from Molokai and Maui as Kauai is from Lanai and the Big Island – each as varied and colorful as the official state flower, the hibiscus. With their collective mass of 4.1 million acres or 6,450 square miles, these islands form the fourth smallest state in the United States.
GEOLOGY Hawaii’s story is the story of creation – islands born from the Pacific depths some 40 million years ago. Hawaii has been shaped by the capricious forces of fire, magma, rains, and winds – and now, most recently, by man.
About 30 miles southwest of the active volcano Kilauea on the Big Island of Hawaii, the newest island in the chain, Loihi, is forming – the newest land on earth. Stretching toward the northwest from Loihi are the other major Hawaiian Islands: Big Island, and then Maui, Kahoolawe, Lanai, Molokai, Oahu, Kauai, and Niihau.
BIOLOGY The Hawaiian Islands have a wide variety of plant, marine and animal life. Vegetation zones include: coastal, dryland forest, mixed open forest, rain forest, subalpine and alpine. More than 90 percent of the native plants and animals living in Hawaii are found nowhere else in the world, and a greater variety of fish exist in Hawaiian waters than elsewhere. The humuhumunukunukuapuaa is the unofficial state fish.
Hawaii is sometimes called the Endangered Species Capital of the World. At least one third of all the endangered species in the United States are found in Hawaii including the Nene Goose (official state bird), the Humpback Whale (official state marine mammal), the Pacific Green Sea Turtle and the Pueo (Hawaiian owl). The exotic species, man, poses a greater threat than nature to Hawaii’s native flora and fauna.CLIMATE The Hawaiian Islands have only two seasons: “summer” between May and October and “winter” between October and April.
ECONOMY Hawaii’s cost of living is one of America’s highest, its per capita personal income below average. In fact, Hawaii’s cost of living for a family of four is estimated to be approximately 27% higher than the U.S. average for a comparable standard of living. In 1999, Hawaii’s average per capita personal income of $27,544 was 3.5% below the U.S. average – the price of living in Paradise!
EDUCATION The University of Hawaii (UH) consists of ten campuses statewide: three are university campuses (UH Manoa on Oahu, UH Hilo on the “Big Island” of Hawaii and UH West Oahu) and seven are community colleges. In the Fall of 1999, a total of 46,479 students were enrolled throughout the system. Of these, 17,612 students were enrolled at UH Manoa, 2,790 were enrolled at UH Hilo, and 687 were enrolled at UH West Oahu. The remaining 25,390 students attended the community colleges located throughout the islands. Three private universities also operate in Hawaii with a 1999 enrollment of 13,539 students (excludes extension programs of mainland and foreign schools).
GOVERNMENT From their “discovery” by Captain James Cook in 1778 – at which time each island was a separate kingdom – the Hawaiian Islands passed through several stages. These included the status of a United Kingdom under Kamehameha the Great, a Republic, and then a U.S. Territory until, finally, in 1959, Congress passed the bill that made Hawaii the 50th State of the United States.
Today, Hawaii has only two levels of government: state and county. Counties perform most services usually assigned to cities and towns. There are no separate municipalities and no independent school districts.
Some members of the growing Hawaiian sovereignty movement classify Hawaii as “- an occupied territory due for decolonization”.
POPULATION “- Hawaii’s real flowers are its people.”
James Michener
The Hawaiian Islands have attracted human migrants in waves, first the Polynesians, then the whalers, the sandalwood merchants, the missionaries, the sugar planters and ranchers, the multi-ethnic traders and laborers, and finally the tourists.
With a resident population (1999) of 1.2 million, Hawaii has an average population density statewide of approximately 200 people per square mile. Island living is a test of tolerance.
Hawaii is probably the only place in the United States, if not the world, where every single racial group is a minority – one of the world’s most harmonious gatherings of people. At least a third of the population is of mixed ancestry. According to the Office of Hawaiian Affairs, the last study conducted in 1984 estimated that there were only 8,244 pure Hawaiians – about 0.7 percent of Hawaii’s total population – a vanishing race. Today, in 2005, some think the number could be as low as 5,000.
Hawaii’s population of about 1.2 million breaks down roughly as follows:
Unmixed (except Hawaiian) Caucasian – 250,742 (22%) Japanese – 219,855 (19%) Filipino – 145,248 (13%) Chinese – 44,787 (4%) Black – 10,455 (1%) Koreans – 11,737 (1%) Samoan/Tongan – 13,693 (1%)Mixed (except Hawaiian) – 232,281 (20%)Hawaiian/Part Hawaiian – 223,193 (19%)
Now about each island little by little:
Kauai is lush, tropical and wild. With cascading waterfalls and towering green mountains, this island is what most people imagine Hawaii to be like.From the spectacular views at Waimea Canyon to the verdant vistas along the Napali Coast, Kauai can take your breath away. More and more people are coming to Kauai because they are attracted to its natural beauty and laidback atmosphere. Visitors are also drawn to Kauai for its gorgeous tropical rainforests, some of which can only be accessed by helicopter. These aerial tours take you into the heart of the island and offer spectacular scenic views that will remain with you long after your vacation ends.
Facts: Population 58,303, Area 552 sq. milesThe “Garden Island” offers magnificent scenery and lush vegetation, beautiful waterfalls, the spectacular Waimea Canyon, the great “hidden” valley of Kalalau, colorful tropical plants and flowers. Landmarks: Hanalei Bay, Wailua River, Nawiliwili Bay, Poipu Beach.Flower: Mokihana (Green Berry)Island Color: Purple
The Napali CoastThe Napali Coast is 22 miles of scenic coastline with 3,000-foot cliffs qualifying it as Hawaii’s most remote wilderness accessible only by air, sea or foot. Getting to the coastline by foot requires an 11-mile overnight hike recommended for experienced hikers only. Less experienced hikers can try the two-mile hike to Hanakapiai Beach, a scenic hike. The beach is not recommended for swim
Oahu is the most popular of the Hawaiian Islands and it’s easy to understand why – there’s so much to do on Oahu!
With Waikiki as a central hub, you can explore the legendary North Shore of Oahu one day, and spend the next day on the east side snorkeling at Hanauma Bay, a protected marine sanctuary with tons of colorful fish. It’s clear that Oahu offers just the right amount of diversity for the adventurous as well as the cautious visitor. Thrill seekers can skydive at Mokuleia while daydreamers can relax peacefully on the beach. Exquisite dining and exciting nightlife also entice people to Oahu again and again.
Facts: Population 876,156, Area 597 sq. milesThe most populated island, where Honolulu is the Capital City, the principal port, the major airport, and business and financial center, and the educational heart of the State. Oahu is the military command center of the Pacific. Waikiki is the visitor center. Landmarks: Nuuanu Pali, Diamond Head, Pearl Harbor.Flower: IlimaIsland Color: Yellow
North ShoreThe North Shore, a 20-plus-mile stretch of coastline from Kaena Point in the west to Turtle Bay in the east, comes alive during the winter season when waves reach up 30 feet at Waimea Bay. In summer months, the shore break is usually calm enough for snorkeling and swimming. Haleiwa, is the North Shore’s central town where there are interesting surf shops, dress boutiques, restaurants, art galleries, and not to mention Matsumoto Shave Ice, serving the best local icy treat!
Pearl HarborPearl Harbor was originally a river, which early Hawaiians called Wai Momi or “river of pearl,” because of its numerous oyster beds. Today, Pearl Harbor is Hawaii’s largest harbor and the nation’s only naval base designated as a National Historic Landmark with three significant memorials: the USS Arizona Memorial, honoring the 1,100 men of the Pearl Harbor attack; the Battleship Missouri Memorial, a living museum of the most celebrated and last-built battleship; and the USS Bowfin Museum, featuring a World War II submarine, a Japanese mini submarine and extensive submarine history
Ready for some peace and quiet? You’ll find it on the island of Molokai, where the most noise you’ll probably hear is at the bakery in Kaunakakai with folks lined-up for steaming hot cinnamon rolls and freshly baked breads.
Molokai offers the perfect place for ultimate relaxation, though you can always find some interesting things to do. Try your hand at fishing with the locals or be adventurous and go sportfishing out in the open ocean. Intimate hiking and breathtaking bicycle tours are also available. For a truly unique experience, visitors aged 16 years and older can take a mule ride down the steep cliff to Kalaupapa National Historical Park, the isolated and historic settlement of those inflicted with Hansen’s Disease.
Facts: Population 7,404, Area 260 sq. milesThe “Friendly Isle” has diversified agriculture, ranching, tourism and the world’s highest sea cliffs along its northern coast. On a 13-square-mile peninsula below high cliffs is Kalaupapa, the Hansen’s Disease settlement, officially called Kalawao County, a National Historical Park.Flower: White Kukui BlossomIsland Color: Green
Papohaku Beach ParkAt three miles long and 100 yards wide, Papohaku Beach is Hawaii’s largest white-sand beach making it the perfect place for sun bathing, picnics, camping, sunset watching and kite flying! The beach has strong rip currents making it difficult for swimming.
Like the other islands, Lanai has its own special unique flavor and feel. It’s one of the smallest islands, but don’t let its small size fool you – you’ll be surprised at how much Lanai has to offer.
This charming island is home to just over 3,000 people, making it the perfect place for rest relaxation, rejuvenation, rediscovery and romance. From beautiful Manele Bay to the bumpy road and scenic views of the Munro Trail, you’ll find a wide range of activities to please just about everyone. Golf on two challenging courses or go snorkeling in crystal clear waters at Hulopoe Beach. The resorts also offer excellent services for your indulgence.
Facts: Population 3,193, Area 140 sq. miles“Hawaii’s Most Enticing Island.” Formerly known as the “Pineapple Island,” almost the entire island was, until recently, a Dole Company pineapple plantation but is now phasing in tourism, and is home to two world class resorts.Flower: Kaunaoa (Yellow and Orange Air Plant)Island Color: Orange
HulopoeHulopoe Bay is Lanai’s best spot to see spinner dolphins and humpback whales. Or explore lava tidepools along the bay’s south shore during low tide but don’t disturb the marine life since the bay is a protected marine preserve. Next to Hulapoe, is Manele Bay where from time to time the endangered Hawaiian turtle and monk seal are spotted on the shoreline
Ah, the magic of Maui… is it any wonder that the humpback whales choose Maui as part of their annual migratory route?
With white sand beaches and crystal clear waters, Maui is ideal for sunbathing, snorkeling and snoozing! But once you’ve gotten enough sun, Maui’s also a great place for shopping and sightseeing. The old whaling town of Lahaina is home to many quaint shops and eclectic art galleries. On the opposite side of the island, the long road to Hana will lead you to the waterfall fed pools at Oheo Gulch, a perfect place to stretch your legs and take in the view. After touring the island, you may need to unwind in Wailea with a pampering spa treatment. It’s no wonder visitors return here year after year.
Facts: Population 117,644, Area 727 sq. milesThe “Magic Isle” produces sugar, pineapple, cattle and horses. The 10,023-foot Haleakala is the largest dormant volcano crater in the world. Lahaina was Hawaii’s capital before 1845, and still has some of the atmosphere of an old whaling town. Nearby are the Kaanapali and Wailea resort areas and golf courses. Hana and Iao Valley draw many visitors.Flower: Lokelani (Pink Cottage Rose)Island Color: Pink
Maui Ocean CenterCheck out the marine life at The Maui Ocean Center without ever getting wet! This is best place to get nose-to-nose with 2,000 fish and even sharks that can be viewed safely through the clear acrylic tunnel of a 750,000-gallon tank. You can explore the stingray cove, turtle lagoon or get a hands-on encounter with starfish, sea urchin or sea cucumber in the “touch” pond. From mid-December through May, over 1,000 whales come to Hawaiian waters to give birth.
Haleakala CraterAs the world’s largest dormant volcano rising 10 000 feet above sea level, Haleakala’s landscape looks a lot like the moon! You’ll have to be up extra early to see the sunrise, but it’ll be worth it as you stand at the crater’s summit where you’ll see a rainbow of colors as the sun peeks through the clouds – it’s a totally awesome experience! Look for the rare silversword plants and endangered Hawaiian nene goose that live at the “house of the sun.”
It’s easy to picture Pele, the Volcano Goddess, showing her wrath – or mercy – on those she encounters. As you explore the island, you’ll see jagged lava fields immersed with new vegetation, providing an amazing contrast of Hawaii’s Big Island’s diverse landscape. To see the lava flow glowing at night is an incredible experience you really shouldn’t miss! Yet the molten lava is just one of Hawaii’s Big Island’s hot attractions – there are also cool shops in Kona, coffee plantation tours, excellent golf on the Kohala Coast, and the quaint town of Hilo, where you’ll feel as though you’ve gone back in time.
Facts: Population 148,677, Area 4,028 sq. milesHawaii’s Big Island has spectacular contrasts…the mighty volcanoes Mauna Loa (13,679 feet) and Kilauea, lofty snow clad Mauna Kea (13,796 feet), the Kau Desert, gorgeous waterfalls, the Puna Fern Forest, and the colorful orchids of Hilo. The island grows sugar, coffee, cattle and macadamia nuts. Landmarks: Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Kealakekua Bay, Kailua-Kona, Kawaihae, Parker Ranch, Waipio Valley.Flower: Red Ohia LehuaIsland Color: Red
Conclusion Hawaii is a beautiful place to visit. Tourism is the biggest business on Hawaii. Oahu is the most favorite place to visit according to people who have already visited. Waikki Beach, the state’s warm climate and sandy beaches are the main attraction.I want to add that everyone of us must to see this paradise one day in our lives;)
List of literature:1.English and American civilization book(92p.)2. Hawaii’s Official Tourism Site 3. Hawaii Travel4. University of Hawaii System5. Hawaii hiking, biking, sea kayaking adventures to Maui, Kauai…