INTRODUCTION ASSORTMENT
Oak (Quercus) – a genus of the oak-tree family having about 600species. The most common kind found in Europe is the ordinary oak (Quercusrobur), and in America – the red oak (Quercus rubra). Ordinary oaks grownaturally in forests of Lithuania, taking 1.8 % of total forest area. Thegreatest number of oak-woods is located in Middle Lithuania Lowland; theirnumber is slightly lesser in south-eastern part of the country, and evenmore so – in the south. Oaks reach 30-40 m in height, and 1,5-2 m indiameter. This tree lives for 500-1,000 years, sometimes even for 1,500years. Oaks are suitable for cutting down at the age of 120-160 years. Oak timber has nice texture, its alburnum is narrow and yellowish, thekernel is light or dark brown with wide (false) and narrow heart rays. Oaktimber is notable for outstanding technical characteristics; it is solid,hard and very steadfast in air, soil and especially water. Oak parquet isthe least dependable on changes in microclimate of premises. Thanks to itshardness, colour and texture, oak is the most popular sort of parquet forboth classical and modern interiors.
[pic]Ash (Fraxinus) trees are widespread throughout Europe. Ordinaryashes (Fraxinus excelsior) grow naturally in Lithuania, taking 2.7 % oftotal forest area. Nearly 80 % of ash-groves are found in Middle LithuaniaLowland, especially in its northern part (regions of Pakruojis, Panevėžys,Joniškis, and Pasvalys). Ashes reach 30-35 m in height, and 60-70 cm indiameter. This tree grows rapidly, especially at the age of 20-50 years; itlives for 200-300 years, and are suitable for cutting down at the age of100-120 years. The oak has light-colored, yellowish-whitish laburnum and lightbrownish kernel. Its heart rays are not very distinct; however, the tangentsection produces a very beautiful pattern. The ash timber is notable for
its good physical and mechanical characteristics. Being heavy, solid andhard, it is also flexible and elastic; it shrinks little, and is easilypolished.[pic]Beech (Fagus) – a genus of the beech-tree family, found in Europe,Asia and America. In Europe, the ordinary beech (Fagus sylvatica), alsocalled European, is the most common sort of beech. Beeches do not grownaturally in Lithuanian forests; they are only grown in parks. Beechesreach 30-40 m in height and 2 m in diameter. This tree grows rapidly until100-150 years, after that it grows very slowly; it lives for 200-300 years.
Beech timber is white with yellowish or brownish hue that becomes moredistinct in the air; it has nice texture without kernel (however, oftenbeeches have seeming kernel) with distinct heart rays. Beech timber isheavy, thick, and solid, but when drying it cracks, and warps. Being light-colored, it is widely used in the production of parquet, which, however,can be unstable due to its poor moisture-resistant qualities.
– 2 – [pic]Maple (Acer) – a genus of the maple-tree family, found in Europe,Asia and America. The ordinary maple (Acer platanoides), also calledEuropean, is the most commonly found maple sort in Europe. In Lithuanianforests, maples usually form mixed stands with oaks, lime-trees, fir-treesand asps. Maple timber make up about 0.1 % of the total growing stock inLithuanian forests. Owing to its extremely hard timber, sugar (or Canadian)maple (Acer saccharum) is widely used in the production of parquet. Thissort of maple grows naturally in North America. Maple wood has no kernel; it is yellowish, sometimes with reddish hue;the longitudinal section reveals heart rays that impart wood with luster.Maple timber has nice texture; it is monolithic, thick, very solid, andhard.
[pic]Birch (Betula) – a genus of the birch-tree family. Warty birch
(Betula verrucosa) prevails among four kinds of this tree growing naturallyin Lithuania. Birch groves take 20 % of the total Lithuanian forest area.Birches grow up to 30 m. This tree grows rapidly until the age of 50-60years when it stops growing; it lives for 100-150 years, and is suitablefor cutting down at the age of 60-80 years. Birch timber is whitish with yellowish or reddish hue; its rings areindistinct. Birch timber is medium hard, that is why it is not widely usedin the production of parquet.[pic]Merbau (Intsia acuminata) – tropical deciduous tree found inIndonesia. Its deep red timber is among the hardest ones. These qualitiesmake merbau parquet very often used in modern interiors, as well as inpremises visited by great numbers of people (shops, bars, etc.).
[pic]Merbau (Intsia acuminata) – tropical deciduous tree found inIndonesia. Its deep red timber is among the hardest ones. These qualitiesmake merbau parquet very often used in modern interiors, as well as inpremises visited by great numbers of people (shops, bars, etc.).
– 3 –
SORTS AND DIMENSIONS
The oldest, traditional sort of parquet is made of hardwood. It is alsocalled single parquet. Usually the width of parquet boards is 40-70 mm,length – 250-500 mm, thickness – 15 mm, and wearing surface – 7 mm (seepicture). Board profile is cut out to within 0.1 mm. [pic][pic] Board dimensions and quality determines the price of parquet. Longerand wider boards are more expensive, while the narrower and shorter onescost less. The optimum parquet humidity is 8 ± 2 %. Parquet will remain stable inpremises having normal microclimate conditions (relative air humidity – 40-60 %, temperature – 15-25 °C). Flooring of parquet with humidity exceeding10 % tends to shrink, which causes the appearance of cracks. Flooring ofparquet with humidity below 6 % tends to dilate, which results in theappearance of protuberances.
Single parquet is packed into leak-proof, sealed packaging ofpolythene, with area from 0.6 to 1.68 m2. In case you have chosen single parquet for your flooring, it isnecessary to contact a reliable company, which will properly carry out thejobs of surface preparation, parquet selection, laying, polishing andvarnishing. Technologically successful performance of all these operationsis required to assure the splendid quality of single parquet. ( More about sorts and dimensions pleas read in page 9 ).PARQUET BORDS Parquet board is relatively new natural wood flooring of uniqueconstruction. This product is very practical, as parquet boards are putinto shields in the plant (height 137 mm, width 205 mm, and length 2 400mm), completely polished and varnished with five UV lacquer coats (thislacquer is resistant to ultraviolet rays, and does not change its colorwith time). All that remains is to lay parquet boards. Being verypractical, parquet boards form the greater part of natural parquet marketin Western Europe. Parquet board is constructed of three layers of natural wood: outer –of natural hardwood (4 mm thick), middle – of coniferous wood (8 mm thick),and lower – of coniferous veneer (2 mm thick). Different wood layers areglued in such a way that fibers of different layers are vertical to eachother. This reduces the mobility of outer hardwood layer to minimum.
Usually the outer layer of parquet board consists of three planks,while the hardwood layer is made up of separate 70 mm wide and 200-450 mmlong small planks. One shield (dimensions: width – 205 mm, length – 2 400mm) consists of three rows of small planks. This type is analogous toparquet.
– 4 –|[pic] |Two-plank parquet board has the same construction as || |three-plank parquet boards. One shield dimensions: width|| |- 137 mm, length – 2 400 mm. |
4 mm natural wood layer makes it possible to renew parquet 2-4 times,depending on thickness of polished surface. Depending on the intensity of
wearing out, the first renovation of a parquet board will be required after10-15 years, and later renovations – after 6-8 years. FLOOR BOARDS Floor board has analogous construction to that of parquet board, butthe natural wood layer of floor board is made of a single 137 mm wide and2,400 mm long plank. This type is analogous to floor planks.INSTALLATION
Well-prepared ground surface is one of major requirements for goodquality laying of parquet floor. It is equally important in laying bothsingle parquet and parquet boards. Proper humidity of premises and concrete ground is required to startthe preparation of ground surface. The best material for ground surface preparation is 18-mm wide moisture-resistant plywood or orientation shaving board (OSB). It is also possibleto use 18-mm wide low-priced shaving board, which, however, is permeable towater and has a weaker construction. It is not recommended to use this kindof board in new buildings, and also in case there is a zone of increasedhumidity (soil, unheated cellar) under the concrete ground. To even very rough ground surface, it is recommended to use smallsquare wooden beams (50×100 mm, humidity 8-10 %). Basic advantages of thisconstruction include faster and cheaper smoothing of ground surface, properfloor ventilation, and possibility to use heat insulation materials.
Single parquet and parquet boards can be stuck directly onto concreteground provided the ground surface is totally even. Single parquet is stuckwith special glues having little water in their composition. Single parquet and parquet boards can easily be laid on old woodenfloor on condition that it is even enough. It is necessary to reinforce andpolish the old floor. Onto the heated floor, it is best to lay parquet boards; however, thetemperature of heated floor should not be above 27 °C. On wooden slab surface, single parquet is glued and fastened with
nails. If the surface is made of concrete, parquet is glued only.– 5 – MOST POPULAR WAYS OF LAYING:
|[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] ||1. No |2. No |3. Following |4. No particular |5. In ||particular |particular |certain order, |order, from planks|herring-bon||order, from |order, from |from planks of |of different |e ||planks of |planks of the |the same length|length, making | ||different |same length | |pairs of 2 equal | ||length | | |ones | |
In modern interiors, parquet is usually laid following no particularorder from planks of different length (the way parquet boards are put). Inclassical style interiors, herringbone pattern can be used. LAYING OF PARQUET AND FLOOR BOARDS Parquet and floor boards are laid on special sound and moistureinsulating flooring (2-5 mm thick) in drifting method. Parquet and floorboards are glued to each other at the sides only.|[pic] |Laying of the first row. The first row is laid at the|| |wall (with cut facing the wall), leaving at least 1 || |cm gap to the wall. The gap between the wall and the || |parquet board is kept by pieces of wood. This row has|| |to be laid strictly following the desired direction || |of parquet and keeping it parallel to the wall. |
Glue spreading. Put glue into the incision of a parquet board, 50-70 g/m2.Better use water-resistant glue.
– 6 –|[pic] |Tightening of ends. Having finished laying the row, || |use a special crowbar to tighten the ends of parquet|| |board. ||[pic] |Laying of the next row. Other parquet board rows are|| |tightened by hammering on a special plastic or || |wooden plank. Don’t hammer on a parquet board || |directly. ||[pic] |Laying of the last row. Mark the cutting line and || |cut the last row, leaving about 1 cm gap to the || |wall. Parquet boards are tightened with a special || |crowbar. Pieces of wood are put between the wall and|
| |parquet board. ||[pic] |Cutting holes for pipes. A hole with diameter 20 mm || |larger than that of a pipe is drilled in a parquet || |board. Then the parquet board is laid. Later, the || |cut is placed back. |– 7 – GRINDING
Only single parquet needs grinding. Parquet and floor boards do not needgrinding or varnishing as these operations are performed in the plant.
To make parquet floor look impeccable, proper laying should be followedby proper grinding and varnishing with quality lacquer to fully reveal thebeauty of wood. The quality of grinding depends on the professional level as well as onmachines and materials in use. For final grinding, band grinding machinesshould be used, and for intervening grinding – disk grinding machines. To get the best possible results of grinding, the floor must be wipedcarefully before the work. Parquet boards have to be fixed, and allprotuberances or other defects have to be eliminated before grinding. To reveal the natural beauty of wood, optimal way of grinding has to bechosen. The height of floor projections determines the number of grindingpaths and the usage order of grinding papers. It is very important toobserve the usage order of grinding paper with increasing number of grains.Rough grinding paper removes uneven or dirty places, and makes the surfacesmooth. Further grinding removes scratches from the previous grinding. Itis not recommended to omit more than one stage of increasing grains ofgrinding paper, as paper with too small grains cannot fully remove tracesof previous grinding. In order to get even better results, it is necessary to apply extragrinding – polishing, performed using disk polishing-machine with lowrevolution (up to 200 rev./min.) and with special grinding net (grain level– 120-150). This grinding allows to perform both grinding and polishing atthe same time.
Disk grinding-machine is also used to carry out the interveninggrinding between layers of varnish. It is necessary for better adhesion ofvarnish layers.– 8 –
PRODUCTION DIMENSIONS|Sort of wood |Quality |Dimensions, mm || | |Thickness|Width|Length ||Oak |selected (radial section) |15 |43 |400 || | |15 |45 |400 || | |15 |50 |300, 350, 400|| | |15 |60 |360, 420 || | |15 |70 |400, 450, 400|| |natural (radial and tangential |15 |43 |250, 300 || |section) | | | || | |15 |43 |350, 400 || | |15 |45 |400 || | |15 |50 |300, 350, 400|| | |10 |60 |320, 420 || | |15 |60 |360, 420 || | |15 |70 |400, 450, 500|| |rural (with small branches) |15 |43 |250-400 || | |15 |50 |350 || | |15 |60 |360, 420 || | |15 |70 |360-500 ||Maple |selected (unicolour light) |15 |60 |360, 420 || | |15 |70 |400, 450, 500|| |natural (motley) |15 |60 |360, 420 || | |15 |70 |400, 450, 500||Ash |selected (unicolour, light or |15 |50 |350, 400 || |dark) | | | || | |15 |60 |450 || |natural (motley) |15 |70 |500 || | |10 |50 |300, 350 || | |15 |50 |250 -400 || | |15 |70 | 500 |
– 9 – VARNISHING Only single parquet needs varnishing. Parquet and floor boards do notneed varnishing as this operation is performed in the plant. Varnish reveals the best qualities of wooden floor; however, impropergrinding and varnishing will expose remaining projections and othermistakes of the work. Sometimes defects are only noticed after varnishing. It is notrecommended to apply grinding and varnishing to a small patch containingserious defects. Newly varnished places will stand out clearly from therest of the floor. In case there are any defects, the whole flooring has tobe polished and varnished anew. Also, the desired results will not beachieved if parquet is varnished in a wrong way or varnish of poor qualityis used. When choosing varnish, it is necessary to get full informationabout the producer, chemical composition of varnish, coatingcharacteristics and so on. Today, in Europe most popular are ecologicallyclean varnishes and primings, having water as their basic component. Before varnishing, it is necessary to carefully vacuum the dust, and toclean the floor with special antistatic. First of all, parquet is coated with priming. Having penetrated deeperinto the wood, priming preserves technical advantages and natural color ofwood. The chemical composition of varnish should be in agreement with thechemical composition of priming. Usually priming is used for one coating;On the average, 1 l is enough to prime the surface of 8-10 m2. To get
better results, the priming can be polished with disk grinding-machine. Depending on the intensity of using the floor, parquet is coated withvarnish two or three times. Usually flat flooring does not require morethan two coatings. To get better results, the floor can be repeatedlypolished with disk grinding-machine after the first coating is completelydry (intervening grinding). The floor is then cleaned again and varnishedfor the second time. On the average, 1 l is enough to varnish the surfaceof 8-10 m2. Usually, you can walk onto varnished flooring only after 24 hours,wearing clean footwear. Furniture can be moved in after a week, whilecarpets can be laid and wet cleaning done only after 2-3 weeks.– 10 –
CARING
1. Properly stuck parquet requires minimum care. It is usually enoughto use the vacuum cleaner. If required, use wet floor cloth, and ifnecessary – domestic cleaners. 2. To make flooring even more lasting and shining, use parquetpolishers and fresheners. 3. Depending on the intensity of using the parquet floor, singleparquet will need restoration after 6-8 years, while parquet boards – after10-15 years.
Colour and texture of natural wood gives Each tree is different.Natural wood flooring differs in its texture and colouring, which will makeyour interior unique.
Wooden floor makes for a long-term investment; it does not need anyspecial care. Parquet will not wear out for many years.
– 11 –
VILNIUS COLLEGE OF CONSTRUCTION
ONLY FOR YOU
Lecturer:
Prepared by:
Vilnius 2001 m.
CONTENS
INTRODUCTION (ASSORTIMENT)………………………………………………. 2
PARQUETBORDS……………………………………………………………..……………. 4
INSTALLATION…………………………………………………………… 5
MOST POPULAR WAYS OF LAYING…………………………………. 6
LAYING OF PARQUET AND FLOOR BOARDS……………………………… 7
GRINDING………………………………………………………………… 8
PRODUCTION DIMENSIONS…………………………………………… 9
VARNISHING……………………………………………………………. 10
CARING………………………………………………………………….. 11
CONCLUSIONS………………………………………………………….. 12
LIST OF LITERATURE………………………………………………… 13
LIST OF LITERATURE
WEBSITE: www. parketas. lt
– 13 – CONCLUSIONS
I prepare my project about parquet .Thesis a natural floor. Parquet wecan make from different kinds of wood like: oak, ash, beech, maple, birch,merbau.
Wooden floor makes for a long-term investment; it does not need anyspecial care. Parquet will not wear out for many years. Colour and texture of natural wood gives cosiness to your living place. Each tree is different. Natural wood flooring differs in its textureand colouring, which will make your interior unique. Wooden floor makes for a long-term investment; it does not need anyspecial care. Parquet will not wear out for many years. In case you have chosen single parquet for your flooring, it isnecessary to contact a reliable company, which will properly carry out thejobs of surface preparation, parquet selection, laying, polishing andvarnishing. Technologically successful performance of all these operationsis required to assure the splendid quality of single parquet. Parquet board is relatively new natural wood flooring of uniqueconstruction. This product is very practical, as parquet boards are putinto shields in the plant (height 137 mm, width 205 mm, and length 2 400mm), completely polished and varnished with five UV lacquer coats (thislacquer is resistant to ultraviolet rays, and does not change its colorwith time). All that remains is to lay parquet boards. Being verypractical, parquet boards form the greater part of natural parquet marketin Western Europe. Parquet board is constructed of three layers of natural wood: outer –of natural hardwood (4 mm thick), middle – of coniferous wood (8 mm thick),and lower – of coniferous veneer (2 mm thick). Different wood layers areglued in such a way that fibers of different layers are vertical to eachother. This reduces the mobility of outer hardwood layer to minimum. 4 mm natural wood layer makes it possible to renew parquet 2-4 times,depending on thickness of polished surface. Depending on the intensity ofwearing out, the first renovation of a parquet board will be required after10-15 years, and later renovations – after 6-8 years. Floor board has analogous construction to that of parquet board, butthe natural wood layer of floor board is made of a single 137 mm wide and2,400 mm long plank. This type is analogous to floor planks. In modern interiors, parquet is usually laid following no particularorder from planks of different length (the way parquet boards are put). Inclassical style interiors, herringbone pattern can be used. Parquet and floor boards are laid on special sound and moistureinsulating flooring (2-5 mm thick) in drifting method. Parquet and floorboards are glued to each other at the sides only. To reveal the natural beauty of wood, optimal way of grinding has to bechosen. The height of floor projections determines the number of grindingpaths and the usage order of grinding papers. It is very important toobserve the usage order of grinding paper with increasing number of grains.Rough grinding paper removes uneven or dirty places, and makes the surfacesmooth. Further grinding removes scratches from the previous grinding. Itis not recommended to omit more than one stage of increasing grains ofgrinding paper, as paper with too small grains cannot fully remove tracesof previous grinding.-12 – Apsigynimas My individual work consists of thirteen pages and eleven parts. Firstparts are introduction, parquet boards, installation, most popular ways oflaying, laying of parquet and floor boards. Then second parts are grinding, production dimensions, varnishing,caring. And the last conclusions, list of literature. I tell you about first part so this part is about assortment of wood.Parquet we can make from different kinds of wood like: oak, ash, beech,maple, birch, merbau. All these kinds of wood belong to deciduous treesgroup. They all have good physical and mechanical properties for example
oak timber has nice texture, its alburnum is narrow and yellowish, thekernel is light or dark brown with wide (false) and narrow heart rays. Oaktimber is notable for outstanding technical characteristics; it is solid,hard and very steadfast in air, soil and especially water. Beech timber is white with yellowish or brownish hue that becomes moredistinct in the air; it has nice texture without kernel (however, oftenbeeches have seeming kernel) with distinct heart rays. Beech timber isheavy, thick, and solid, but when drying it cracks, and warps. Second part is parquet boards. Parquet board is relatively newnatural wood flooring of unique construction. This product is verypractical, as parquet boards are put into shields in the plant (height 137mm, width 205 mm, and length 2 400 mm), completely polished and varnishedwith five UV lacquer coats (this lacquer is resistant to ultraviolet rays,and does not change its color with time). All that remains is to layparquet boards. Being very practical, parquet boards form the greater partof natural parquet market in Western Europe. Parquet board is constructedof three layers of natural wood: outer – of natural hardwood (4 mm thick),middle – of coniferous wood (8 mm thick), and lower – of coniferous veneer(2 mm thick). Different wood layers are glued in such a way that fibers ofdifferent layers are vertical to each other. This reduces the mobility ofouter hardwood layer to minimum. Floor board has analogous construction to that of parquet board, butthe natural wood layer of floor board is made of a single 137 mm wide and2,400 mm long plank. This type is analogous to floor planks. Next part of my project is installation. About this part I tell youvery shortly because this part is technical advices orders and so on. Well-prepared ground surface is one of major requirements for good quality lyingof parquet floor. It is equally important in laying both single parquet andparquet boards. Single parquet and parquet boards can easily be laid on oldwooden floor on condition that it is even enough. It is necessary toreinforce and polish the old floor. Successive part is most popular ways of lying. So they are: 1. Noparticular order, from planks of different length. 2. No particular order,from planks of the same length. 3. Following certain order, from planks ofthe same length. 4. No particular order, from planks of different length,making pairs of 2 equal ones. 5. In herring-bone. In modern interiors,parquet is usually laid following no particular order from planks ofdifferent length (the way parquet boards are put). In classical styleinteriors, herringbone pattern can be used. Next part is LAYING OF PARQUET AND FLOOR BOARDS Parquet and floorboards are laid on special sound and moisture insulating flooring (2-5 mmthick) in drifting method. Parquet and floor boards are glued to each otherat the sides only. All laying technology consist of six parts: Lying of thefirst row, glue spreading, tightening of ends, laying of next row, layingof the last row, cutting holes for pipes. Next is grinding, Only single parquet needs grinding. Parquet and floorboards do not need grinding or varnishing as these operations are performedin the plant. To make parquet floor look impeccable, proper laying should be followedby proper grinding and varnishing with quality lacquer to fully reveal thebeauty of wood. To get the best possible results of grinding, the floor must be wipedcarefully before the work. Parquet boards have to be fixed, and allprotuberances or other defects have to be eliminated before grinding. Successive part is varnishing.Only single parquet needs varnishing.Parquet and floor boards do not need varnishing as this operation isperformed in the plant.Varnish reveals the best qualities of wooden floor;however, improper grinding and varnishing will expose remaining projectionsand other mistakes of the work. Like sad last parts is caring, conclusions and list of literature. 1. Properly stuck parquet requires minimum care. It is usually enoughto use the vacuum cleaner. If required, use wet floor cloth, and ifnecessary – domestic cleaners. 2. To make flooring even more lasting and shining, use parquetpolishers and fresheners. 3. Depending on the intensity of using the parquet floor, singleparquet will need restoration after 6-8 years, while parquet boards – after10-15 years. So I think what natural wooden floors like parquet is best for our homebecause these floors are ecologically clean, very beautiful, with longdurability, good physical and mechanical properties. Wooden floor makes fora long-term investment; it does not need any special care. Parquet will notwear out for many years.